Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Kingdoms, Vol. 21

Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Kingdoms: Volume 33

The Atlantic Ocean: Portugal

Official salaries do not encourage integrity original: 廉隅 (liányú); referring to the "corners" of moral character or incorruptibility. Families with hereditary wealth and status treat the common people like slaves; they are arbitrary, arrogant, and unrestrained, much like the people of Spain original: 大吕宋 (Dà Lǚsòng); literally "Great Luzon," the common Qing-era name for the Spanish Empire.

The army consisted of thirty thousand soldiers, yet they lacked discipline. It was only after they allied themselves with the English forces to repel the French original: 佛蘭西 (Fólánxī) that their situation changed. Later, they requested British military commanders to assist in their training. Only then did they become a formidable force; in recent times, they have become the equals of the various nations of Europe original: 歐羅巴 (Ōuluóbā).

In their customs, they follow Catholicism original: 加特力教 (Jiātèlì jiào). Churches are established everywhere; statistics show four hundred churches for priests original: 教師廟 (jiàoshī miào); literally "temples for teachers" and one hundred and fifty nunneries original: 尼菴 (ní'ān). The people are characterized as arrogant and idle, prone to falsehoods and lacking in sincerity. They value the color white and love cleanliness; they hold the wealthy in high esteem while looking down upon the poor.

There are three major river systems:
The source of the Douro River original: 達荷河 (Dáhé hé) originates in Spain. It flows through the great market town of Oporto original: 阿波多 (Ābōduō) in this country and then pours into the sea.
The source of the Tagus River original: 達俄河 (Dá'é hé) also originates in Spain. It flows past the national capital Lisbon and pours into the sea.
Only the Minho River original: 密里俄河 (Mìlǐ'é hé) originates within the borders of this country. Its sands contain gold that can be panned.

The land produces feathers, bolts of cloth, fish, salt, coal, gold, serge baize: a durable wool fabric original: 嗶嘰 (bìjī), and snuff.

The Kingdom of Portugal original: 葡萄亞 (Pútáoyà)—also known as Buluoya original: 布路牙 (Bùlùyá)—is bordered to the north and east by...