CONCERNING THE WORLD.

The lower heavens all uniformly follow the first mover.

...making this movement in the same twenty-four hours as the tenth heaven, which they obey and whose movement they follow. And it is also necessary to note regarding this movement—which is called forced original: "forcé"; in the science of the time, this refers to a motion imposed on an object by an external power, rather than the object's own natural inclination.—that the first mover imposes on the other lower heavens, that among the celestial bodies there is no movement of force, nor violence, resistance, or contradiction: but all follow the first movement uniformly. Therefore, when one says the first mover leads or forces the other lower heavens, it must be understood soundly: as if to say, the lower heavens are moved by the one above by accident original: "par accident"; a philosophical term used when something moves not because of its own effort, but because the container or vehicle holding it is moving.: just as a sailor moves within a ship that floats, or as water swirls in a vase that is being moved. In this way must the movement of the lower heavens be understood in relation to the first mover. Yet, one might doubt this, asking: How can it be that the heaven moves continually and without ceasing from East to West, and that the other lower heavens perform their movements along with it, and yet their own proper movement is in the opposite direction?

Example.

Doubt.

Explanation.

Note an example for such an explanation: If a small fly or ant were sitting on the wheel of a mill, even though the wheel turned very quickly and with great force, the ant could nevertheless walk at leisure against the movement made by the wheel. Even though the wheel carries it backward across a short space and makes it complete the circuit, the ant can still finish its own contrary movement little by little. Therefore, in this manner, although the lower heavens are moved by the motion that the tenth heaven makes every twenty-four hours, they perform their own movements in the opposite direction, which each of them completes for itself in varying lengths of time.
Example.

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Of the ninth Heaven called Crystalline, or the heaven of water: with a declaration that there is a heaven of water, and of what quality it is.

CHAPTER VI.

Of the crystalline heaven, or heaven of water.

A decorative woodcut initial letter 'L' is embellished with floral scrollwork and leaf-like designs.
The ninth heaven, called the Second Mover, has the movement from West to East as its own: for this is the first of the ten moving heavens which makes its movement more leisurely from the West against the East. It is called the crystalline heaven, or the heaven of water, of which it is written in the first chapter of Genesis Genesis 1:6–7 describes God separating the "waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament." that God said, "Let the firmament be made in the midst of the waters," so that the waters were separated, one part above the firmament, which is the eighth heaven, and the other below: from