Metaphysics and Ethics

to know individual things. And of those which are demonstrable, they think surely that we know what it is. What, then, is the deduction? It is given, however, to others. Since therefore the [first] generations are not [known] by act, nor [are they known] by every transmutation, by which sign we know the principle of motion. But these things are of another sort. Wherefore it will first be seen [whether] the science of the principle of any individual thing is speculative. But as to whether the principle of demonstrations is one science or many: it is a matter of doubt. I speak, however, of demonstrable common opinions, from which all things are demonstrated. As that every [thing] is necessary, either to say or to deny: and in [the] form [it] is to be or not to be: and what other such things [are]: toward which of these, one [is] led by the genus, or [whether] another [is] in another [way] one. And in that [way] [is it] to be called: that which is said otherwise [as] one of its [own] being, [which] is not demonstrable; [it] is indeed more a geometer, [than] another concerning this [and] obeying first; but also another, what sort and quality [it] is. Philosophy, however, does not figure [this], nor [does] it lead [to it]; thus, neither is there a necessity that by knowing [it], it itself is about the knowing of [them] themselves.

Indeed, whether that which is the science of [what is] one, which [is] of these, [and] what [is] the truth [which] they do not know. [For] there is of these things [a] more notable [knowledge than] other arts. If, however, there is [a] demonstration concerning these, it will be desirable to [have] the common recitation. And to have [the] passions, which [are] [of] them: [the] dignities of them. For there is demonstration concerning all things: and of what [things] it is [derived] from some: and what [is] for [the] quantity [of] the demonstration. For it is the whole being of the genus one toward [the] demonstrators. For every demonstration, [one] uses [these] as standards. But not some [demonstrations] [are] from elsewhere—not those which are concerning these [as] of [their] principles and the form of them. And therefore,

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mostly all [are] the principles and dignities. And they are philosophies, toward which [one] [is] to speculate concerning them [with] [the] [needed] quantity. The whole, then, which is being, is [that] of all. Or [is it] the first, [which] is [a] genus [that] is not one [that] is cultivated [but] previously won [as] a science [that] is not of all: [it] is not [to be] renounced. And it is demonstrated [that] one [is] of all [the] beings, [it] will be [by] actions; but that [which] [is] common, [it] is speculated [concerning] in some beings; [in] prior actions; [in] words; [in] bodies. [It is] lawful therefore [that] those things which are not actions [are] prior, [to] speculate concerning them [and] concerning certain operations. For [the] being [is] one by one, [and] from which: [the] one is [either] to the same or to another. And therefore also actions, these [are] speculated: or [whether] now one.

Amplified, however, [is] the one and [the] [that] which alone [is] the thesis: or [that] which [is] [the] nature [of] [the] actions. Two, however, [as] one alone which is sought [and] that [which] [is] from above [is] to be known concerning the day [and] [is] [to] know those things which [are] from nature [and] are one, or those concerning which mathematics says [something], or another? For if [it is] the same: the demonstration which is said concerning what is [there]. [It is] not, however, true of that which is: [it] is a demonstration; but [as] one divided: which is to be speculated concerning [the] accidental properties of [the] thing. Which is the reason [that] is said: and [it is] very difficult. Amplified, however, [is] whether with [the] senses [it] is [the] approach concerning [these]—as when [one] is given or [one] takes [them] elsewhere.

And one [is] joined or [are] the primary genera under [the] actions; as [the] poets [say] [they] are, for the rhythm [and] [the] mathematicals [which] are concerning [the] truth. How, therefore, is this science of anything [and] [it is] [the] unit [which] [is] from [the] demonstration, [and] [is] [of] the things themselves [and] [of] the modes of them.

The third, however, mode of [the] institution [of the] difficulty: nothing less [from] all [it is] attempted [that] [it] passes [by] [what] [is] [in] [the] [heavens]. This, however,