Tabulae totius dialectices, aliarum artium instrumenti ...

The lowest species is a common word, which is attributed directly to individuals. Porphyry, chapter on genus.

Subaltern is the species of the higher, and the genus of the lower.

Species and genus are notions. Ideas are the original species of things, according to Macrobius.

Of the genus: For the genus comprises many and diverse forms.

The use of species. Many meanings of species are grammatical, not dialectical. Porphyry, chapter on species. Porphyry, chapter on genus. Aristotle, Topics, Book 1, chapter 4; Book 4, chapter 1.

continues from previous page: ...as human to animal, whiteness to color, triangle to figure, etc. Species is twofold: one is called the special-most, the other subaltern. The special-most (which in Latin is called the last or lowest) is that which is said of individuals only, or those differing in number, in the question of nature: it is always a species, never a genus, as the term human is said of Plato, horse of Bucephalus. Subaltern (in Latin, the intermediate) is that which, by a different reason, can be both species and genus: a species when compared with the higher, but a genus when compared with the lower. Such are: animal, fish, bird, virtue, etc. For that which lies under a genus is called a species, and that which comprises the subject parts is a genus. This species is a certain common and perpetual image or notion of each thing, which the mind perceives from individuals, which the Greeks call idean idea. Thus, having glimpsed a wolf several times, we recognize it wherever it occurs; thus we recognize other countless forms of animals and things. But the notion of a genus is wider than the image of its species can easily comprehend, be brought forth, and be subjected to the eyes. For instance, if you were to order an animal to be painted for you, it is uncertain what you might want unless you add the name of the species, as: of a stag, of a wolf, etc. The use of the species is seen in declaring the amplitude of the genus. Species is also accepted for form and beauty, whence speciosus beautiful. It is also used for simulation, as: the species of a good man, the species of a battle. And for a vision: Horace writes "Vane finguntur species" original: "Vane finguntur species" Vain shapes are fashioned. And among jurisconsults, for a hypothesis, which they call a case.