Philosophy

This collection brings together the world's philosophical traditions in original languages. Greek philosophy appears through Plato's complete works (1534 Greek edition), the Presocratic fragments (Diels's foundational 1906 collection), Epictetus's Discourses, Marcus Aurelius's Meditations, and a fifteenth-century manuscript of Sextus Empiricus — the great Skeptic whose rediscovery shook Renaissance certainty.

Chinese philosophy is represented by the Analects, the Dao De Jing, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Han Feizi, and Wang Yangming's Chuanxilu — spanning Confucian, Daoist, Mohist, and Legalist traditions. Indian philosophy appears through the Bhagavad Gita (in a remarkable 1492 manuscript), Patañjali's Yoga Sūtra, Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, and Śaṅkara's Brahma Sūtra Bhāṣya. The Arabic-Islamic tradition includes Ibn Khaldūn's Muqaddimah, al-Ghazālī's Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, Averroes's Faṣl al-Maqāl, and al-Fārābī. European philosophy extends through Boethius (1486 incunabulum), Aquinas, Spinoza's Opera Posthuma (1677), Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781 first edition), Hegel's Phänomenologie des Geistes, and Kierkegaard's Enten-Eller in the original Danish.