About
The founder of Islam, discussed in early modern Western texts in contexts ranging from polemical theology to the transmission of Arabic science.
Connections
Other entities that appear in the same books as Muhammad.
Appears in 489 Books
Zimmermann, Johann Jacob
Dante Alighieri; Landino, Christophoro (commentator)
Athanasius Kircher
Giambattista della Porta
Various; ed. P. Perna
Marsilio Ficino
Cristoforo Landino
Reginald Scot
Landino, Cristoforo
Francesco Giorgi (Zorzi)
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni
Kepler, Johannes
Baruch Spinoza
Michael Maier
Pietro d'Abano
Giovanni Boccaccio (trans. Donato da Casentino)
Bacon, Francis
Kepler, Johannes
Abd al-Hasan al-Isfahani
Tommaso Campanella
[Bracesco, Giovanni]|Geber|Lull, Ramón
Tritheim, Johann
Lull, Ramón
Andreae, Johann Valentin
[Andreae, Johann Valentin]
William James
Leonardo da Vinci
Zimmermann, Johann Jacob
[Sichem, Christoffel van]
Pfeiffer, August
Paracelsus, Theophrastus
Pietro Pomponazzi
[Müller, Johann Daniel]
X.J.P|J.F.H|G.W
Ikhwan al-Safa; tr. John Dowson
Ikhwan al-Safa; tr. John T. Platts
Hafiz / Gertrude Bell
Henry George Farmer
Various; ed. P. Perna
anonymous
Rostius, Georgius
[Vaughan, Thomas]
Toland, John
Arnold, Gottfried
[Andreae, Johann Valentin]
Law, William
Ikhwan al-Safa; tr. John Dowson
Jalal al-Din Rumi / Rosen (trans.)
Al-Ghazali
al-Majriti (attrib.)
al-Majriti (attrib.)
Giambattista della Porta
anonymous
[Andreae, Johann Valentin]
[Andreae, Johann Valentin]
Brightman, Thomas
Champier, Symphorien
Burnet, Thomas
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
Paracelsus, Theophrastus
Averroes (Ibn Rushd)
Ikhwan al-Safa; tr. John T. Platts
Pietro Pomponazzi
Richard Bernard
Edmond Doutté
Volney, Constantin François Chasseboeuf de
Picard, Bernhard|Herrliberguer, David
Peter Apian
Engelschall, Carl Gottfried
Hooghe, Romeyn de
[Pluquet, François-André-Adrien]
Beausobre, Isaac de
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Ibn Arabi
Arthur Edward Waite
Carsten Niebuhr
Carsten Niebuhr
al-Sakhawi, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman
Emanuel Swedenborg
Richard F. Burton
Andreä, Johann Valentin
Engelbert Kaempfer
Reynold A. Nicholson (trans.)
Jagmanderlal Jaini
Giambattista della Porta
Nathaniel Crouch
Henry Charles Lea
Jalaluddin Rumi (Nicholson, trans.)
Richardus Anglicus; Braccesco; Geber; and others
Realdo Colombo
Marcellin Berthelot
Marcellin Berthelot
Braccesco, Giovanni; after Jabir ibn Hayyan
Marin Mersenne
Thomas Smith
Johannes Sleidanus
Elzevir Respublica Series
Peter Apian; Gemma Frisius
Ramon Llull
Bacon, Francis
Carolus Clusius
Marsilio Ficino
Ulisse Aldrovandi
Tommaso Campanella
Bernardo da Como; Francisco Pegna (ann.)
Hartmann Schedel / Anton Koberger
Girolamo Cardano
Cornelius Gemma
Marsilio Ficino
Marti, Benedikt dit Aretius
Hugh of Santalla
Pierre Gassendi
Bacon, Roger
Guillaume Postel
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
Gerardus Johannes Vossius
Marcellius, Henricus
Bacon, Roger
Alcabitius (Al-Qabisi)
Sir Thomas Browne
Bacon, Roger
Giovanni Lorenzo Anania
Bacon, Francis
Ibn al-Farid
Sa'di of Shiraz
Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi
Abdul Qadir Jilani
Movses, Xorenacʹi, ca.410-ca.490
Dante Alighieri; Boethius
Claude Adrien Helvétius
Vasily Rozanov
Ikhwan al-Safa; Friedrich Dieterici (ed.)
Severus of Antioch
Friedrich Dieterici
Handel, Ignatius; Reibelt, Johann Joseph Adam
Leusden, Johannes
Sebeos
Mark Lidzbarski (trans.)
Ibn Arabi; R.W.J. Austin (trans.)
Isaac ben Samuel, of Acreיצחק בן שמואל מעכו
Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Gershenzon
Thomas of Cantimpré
Voltaire
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Johann Gottfried Herder
Михаил Щербатов; Александр Радищев; Александр Герцен
Georg Simmel
Ibn Arabi; Michel Chodkiewicz (ed.)
Johannes Trithemius
Johann Valentin Andreae (attr.)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Pseudo-Geber (Paul of Taranto)
al-Samri/al-Sawi al-Isra'ili, Abu Sa'd ibn Abi al-Surur (active 13th century)
al-Khwarizmi; Frederic Rosen
Leon Battista Alberti
Dante Alighieri
Farid al-Din Attar; A.J. Arberry (trans.)
Nasir Khusraw
Bruyn, Cornelis de
Vladimir Solovyov
Shams-i Tabrizi
William Robertson Smith
Aḥmad ibn Abī Saʿīd Ǧīwan (أحمد بن علي سعيد جيون)
Dante Alighieri
Pope Alexander VII
Sebeos
Rauwolf, Leonhard, -1596
Pyotr Chaadaev
Ptolemy; Euclid
Ahmad ibn Arabshah
Picard, Bernhard|Herrliberguer, David
Alexis de Tocqueville
Imam al-Bukhari
Радищев, Александр Николаевич
Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
Émile Durkheim
Averroes (Ibn Rushd); Simon van den Bergh (trans.)
Al-Zamakhshari
Max Weber
Robert Grosseteste; Ludwig Baur (ed.)
J. M. Rodwell (trans.)
Abu Nasr al-Sarraj; R.A. Nicholson (ed.)
Bar Hebraeus
Dante Alighieri
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
Vladimir Solovyov
al-Farghani (Alfraganus); Jacob Golius (ed.)
Albertus Magnus
Roger Bacon
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Anonymous (ed. Kmosko)
Jalal al-Din Rumi / R.A. Nicholson
Vladimir Solovyov
Girolamo Cardano
Anonymous (Druze)
Camillo Leonardi; Petrus Arlensis de Scudalupis
Emanuel Swedenborg
Bar Hebraeus
Edmond Doutte
Athanasios Papadopoulos-Kerameus
Михаил Юрьевич Лермонтов
Georg von Welling
Bar Hebraeus
Georg von Welling
Johann Reuchlin
Michael Maier
Paul Bedjan (ed.)
Jacob of Serugh
Albertus Magnus
Tommaso Campanella
Chevalier, Nicolas
Marcellin Berthelot
Samuel Marinus Zwemer
Julius Wellhausen
George Cedrenus
Pierre Le Loyer
Siegfried Seligmann
Giovan Battista Codronchi
Edmond Doutté
Thomas Patrick Hughes
Haly Abenragel
Edward Westermarck
Edward Westermarck
Picard, Bernhard|Herrliberguer, David
Benedictus de Spinoza
Siegfried Seligmann
Henry George Farmer
Pseudo-Arnaldus de Villanova
Landino, Cristoforo
W. G. Aston
Gabriel Naudé (trans. John Davies)
Edward William Lane
Ikhwan al-Safa; tr. John Dowson
trans. W.R. Morfill; ed. R.H. Charles
Eliphas Lévi
Robert Burton
Ulrich Tengler
Thomas Heywood
Augustin Calmet
Carl du Prel
John Leyden and Thomas Stamford Raffles (trans.)
Anonymous
Anonymous
Zakariyya al-Qazvini
Emanuel Swedenborg
Jāmī (E.H. Whinfield & Mírzá Muḥammad Qazvíní, trans.)
Buṭrus bin Buṭrus bin Isḥaq al-Tūlāti of Aleppo (بطرس بن بطرس ابن اسحق التولاتي واعظ مدينة حلب), likely the same as Tūlāwī, Buṭrus, 1657-1745
Anonymous
Ibn al-Muqaffa
Ibn Arabi
Anonymous
Morezēnos, Iōannēs –1613; Gennadius, II, Patriarch of Constantinople, approximately 1405–approximately 1472; Isocrates; Gemistus Plethon, George, active 15th century; Morezenos, Marcos; Gregoropoulos, Georgios, 15th century
Anonymous
Anonymous
Ruzbihan Muhammad al-Shirazi
Ibn al-Bawwab
Agricola, Georg
Kepler, Johannes
Mecker, Johann Conradt
Libavius, Andreas
Ficino, Marsilio
Semler, Johann Salomo
Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
Postel, Guillaume
Becher, Johann Joachim
Postel, Guillaume
Weigel, Valentin
Edelmann, Johann Christian
Balduin, Friedrich
Tritheim, Johann
Postel, Guillaume
Ficino, Marsilio
[Lorris, Guillaume de]|[Meung, Jean de]
Porta, Giovanni Battista della
Abrabanel, Isaac ben Judah
Azalus, Pompilius
La Croix, Jean-François de
Labadie, Jean de|Yvon, Petrus|Dulignon, Pierre
Paulli, Oliger
Muhyiddin Ibn al-Arabi
Grevinchovius, Caspar
Zimmermann, Johann Jacob
Champier, Symphorien
Mornay, Philippe de
Postel, Guillaume
Luxemburg, Dionysius von
Wagner, Friedrich
Lord, Henry
Bengel, Johann Albrecht
Weigel, Valentin
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
Staricius, Johannes
Varenius, Heinrich
Gaultier, Jacques
[Felgenhauer, Paulus]
Paltz, Johann von
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph
Champier, Symphorien
Raynaud, Théophile
Abu Nasr al-Sarraj; R.A. Nicholson (ed.)
Abu Nasr al-Sarraj; R.A. Nicholson (ed.)
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
Erastus, Thomas
Anonymous (Druze)
Comenius, Jan Amos
Pfeiffer, August
Bengel, Johann Albrecht
Marsilio Ficino
Rauwolf, Leonhard, -1596
Dionysius Areopagita|Eck, Johann
al-Samri/al-Sawi al-Isra'ili, Abu Sa'd ibn Abi al-Surur (active 13th century)
Kepler, Johannes
Champier, Symphorien
Zimmermann, Johann Jacob
Al-Zamakhshari
Robert Grosseteste; Ludwig Baur (ed.)
Mornay, Philippe de
Albertus Magnus
Johann Jakob Brucker
Edmond Doutté
[Marets, Daniel des]
La Croix, Jean-François de
Lundius, Johannes
Lange, Joachim
Girolamo Cardano
Laurent Maiolo
Elzevir Respublica Series
Athanasios Papadopoulos-Kerameus
Eusebius (printed by Henri I Estienne)
Siegfried Seligmann
Nasir Khusraw
Leo VI (Emperor)
Marsilio Ficino
Peter Peregrinus, Pseudo-Albertus Magnus, Alcabitius, Al-Kindi, et al.
Leusden, Johannes
Friedrich Dieterici
Various
Cristoforo Landino
Comenius, Jan Amos
Marcellin Berthelot
Psellus, Michael; Zigavēnos, Euthymios, approximately 1050-approximately 1118 or 1120; Eugenikos, Markos, Saint, approximately 1392-1445?; Leo VI, Emperor of the East, 866-912; Monk Mathusalem; Lucaris, Cyril, 1572-1638; Hieromonk Metrophanes; Gregory I, Pope, approximately 540-604; Anonymous; Basileios Megalometos; Job Jasites, -approximately 1280; Gennadius II, Patriarch of Constantinople, approximately 1405-approximately 1472; Christodoulos; Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, -373; Karampelas, Panagiotes Ch.; Brutus, pseudo